In this study, in order to estimate the amount, for special and temporal patterns of precipitation over Iran, a simple model of precipitation forecast was used with two parameters namely Vertical motion and precipitable water. The Vertical motion and precipitable water were computed in different methods as follows:The Kinetics with the correction of divergence and quasi-geostrophic omega equation were applied to estimate the Vertical motion. Then the temperature dew point and the Vertical integration of specific humidity trom surface up to 100 HPa were used to estimate precipitable water.There were two cases of investigation which have been done from 10 to 12 January 2002 and 26 to 28 December2004whichshowedthat usingthe Kinetics methods with the correction of divergence and Vertical integration of specific humidity have given best results in estimating the two parameters.And finally comparing the results of precipitation of the model with actual precipitation, showed that in spite of over estimating the amount of precipitation for spatial and temporal patterns, there was no difference between the model and the real precipilation.  

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor Structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Drastic Precipitations in unmorally times always are one of the important factors that created abundant damages in different geographical areas. In this research, three Precipitations that occurred in summer 2009 in Mashhad were investigated. The investigation of variation graphs of meteorological parameters show significant decreasing of air pressure and temperature and increasing of relative humidity and dew point in days of occurrence precipitation compare with previous days. The result of physical analysis by using thephigram showed that existent of thick cloud whit noticeable perceptible water in sky of local in days of occurrence precipitation. Also situation of LCL and FCL levels and difference of height between top of cloud whit FCL and amount of dynamical indexes of CAPE, SHOW and KINX explains noticeable potential energy of ascendable air mass and suitable conditions for drastic instability of weather. For example amounts of dynamical indexes for torrent day (15 Sep) obtained 953.4, -4.67 and 35.30 respectively that are demonstrator of hard instability in this day. The investigation of surface isobars map showed contrast of tow Low and High pressure systems in east of country. Also 850 hpa isobars map indicate advection of warm weather from south to northeast that is similar whit surface pressure patterns. Therefore prove that developing of Siberian High pressure in warm season synchronic whit advection of warm and humid weather from south that caused drastic instability suddenly and this subject is supported physical analysis of Vertical profile of atmosphere.

The role of tropospheric Vertical anomalies in Rainfall solid Case study: the hazard of hail in Kermanshah Climate risks is one of the Types of hazards that damages human communities such as the phenomenon of hail, in the micro-scale, it causes financial losses and casualties. Hail is associated to the atmospheric elements and geo-location factors. Whenever weather conditions and appropriate physical processes are combined with geo-location creates and intensifies this phenomenon. Losses resulted from hail has been more effective in the agricultural sector and in the effect of damaging the crops When growth and budding. However, it disorders in other sectors such as, blemishing residential buildings, Losing large and small animals also, damaging to the aircraft flight and its components. Hail considerable damage in Kermanshah province every year so that Farmers insure their crops against this Phenomenon and the government will incur heavy costs for damage that is inflicted on the sector of activity. Research methodology The current weather data has been used with 3-hour intervals in the statistical period of 65 years (1951 to 2016) from synoptic stations of Kermanshah Province that includes the stations of Kermanshah, West Islamabad, Ravansar, Kangavar, West Gilan, and Sar-e-Pole-Zahab. Among the 100 present weather code, Codes 99, 96, 91, 90, 89, 87 and 27 have been considered that including hail phenomenon by varying intensities and includes any appearance of this phenomenon in Hours scout and three hours earlier. Then, based on the above code, Were coded in Excel to identifies Codes 96, 91, 90, 89, 87 and 27 When entering from the Meteorological Data To the desired program among Group VII of the data, And when the written code, were identified, Hail days were marked. Given that in this study Hail is studied regarding the synoptic conditions and temperature anomalies. Therefore, for the synoptic situation, Pressure data, vorticity, Special moisture, Components U and V, Omega transverse profile And outgoing longwave radiation, And for the temperature anomaly, Temperature and isothermal anomalies components Were getting from esrl. noaa. gov/psd site And using the software Grads were drawn maps for a selected day To determine the formation of hail. Commentaries Results The frequency of occurrence of hail has reached 187 in the period 65 years in Kermanshah province. This phenomenon generally occurs from mid-September to mid-June. The most number has been in Kermanshah station and the Least in Sar-Pol-Zahab station. April has had the highest number of hail frequencies in Kermanshah province and the greatest losses in the month related to the agricultural sector. Therefore, Select System hail seems essential to examine how the temperature anomalies and the formation of hail in the month. On the day of the event, trough hail has been formed in the East Mediterranean. Wrying the trough axis From North East to South West resulted in cold air from high latitudes to the East of the Mediterranean. The establishment of trough in the middle and low pressure level in sea level and its following Convergence in the balance has created positive omega until balance of 200 hPa and most serious it is at the level of 400 hPa. Negative omega has maintained its association from ground surface until High levels in the study area. The airflow of vorticity balance 1000 and 500 Hpa Suggests vorticity positive settlement area on the case study. Establishment of short wave in the vicinity of the study area and intensifying ascending conditions also Prolong Positive trough conditions from surface of Earth until 500hpa balance have been The necessary dynamic conditions for Hail in this day. Special moisture and wind Vector with 700hpa balance of Moisture transfer has been done by two opposite vorticity system. Trough rotary motion Based on the Mediterranean and along the Red Sea on the one hand and Moving anticyclone over the Arabian Sea And the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea on the other, have conveyed Moisture of all moisture sources from The seas around to The study area. Also OLR anomalies for the hail event day indicates being Negative in the study area and the sharp decline of Outgoing longwave in this day Compared to its long-term average And hence the conditions of cloudiness and the formation and intensification of convection has been provided. 1000 hpa positive anomaly 2 ° is representative the Higher than the average temperature conditions and in the 500hpa anomaly balance Minus 2 degrees Celsius is representative Lower than normal temperatures in the balance. These factors aggravate the Vertical temperature gradient in the study area these days. 20+ degrees Celsius the Isothermal curve and-20 ° C. Respectively, the levels of 1000 and 500 Drawn to the area of study And has created a large temperature difference Between the upper and lower levels.

Vertical distribution of zooplankton biomass and abundance, copepod taxonomic composition and species diversity were analyzed at eight stations during an oceanographic expedition along the Straits of Malacca. Samples were collected in Vertical hauls (140 mm mesh using 45 cm diameter NORPAC net) from four depth strata. Zooplankton biomass was higher at 10-20 m depth in the central and southern parts of the Straits compared to the other depth layers, but the differences were significant (p<0.05) only in the southern part. A total of 96 species of planktonic copepods belonging to 35 genera were identified in the surveyed area. Except for the 10-20 m depth layer in the northern part of the Straits, copepods were the major fraction of the total zooplankton at all depths. In the northern and central parts of the Straits, the deeper layers had higher species diversity indices than in the surface waters, mainly due to higher evenness in the deeper layers. The lower species diversity in the deeper layers of the southern region was attributed to the dominance of a few species.

Statement of Problem: Total removal of tissues and remnant microorganisms as well as canal shaping is the essential objectives of endodontic therapy. A successful endodontic treatment is obtained through Shilders principals, however; complete observation of this technique using stainless steel files manually is problematic and time-consuming. Modern technology, in order to eliminate such problems, has presented new facilities such as Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) files and engine driven instruments.Purpose: The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the canal debridement efficiency of three engine driven instruments: Rotary, Reciprocal and Vertical.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 mesial roots of human first and second mandibular molars were divided into three groups randomly. In each sample, one canal was considered as case, the other one as control. Files used in Reciprocal and Vertical groups were of handy Ni-Ti type and in rotary group, rotary Ni-Ti files were used. After debridement, the roots were sectioned at 3mm and 5mm from anatomic apex, stained and examined under light microscope. Comparison criteria between case and control groups were based on residual debris and predentin and the level of root canal preparation and shaping after debridement. Data were subjected to kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test.Results: There was no significant difference between the efficiency of debridement at 3mm and 5mm sections between all groups. But difference in time consumption was significant ranked from the shortest to the longest as rotary, reciprocal and Vertical.Conclusion: The efficiency of debridement between the three automated instruments was approximately equal, however; the instrumentation time was different between three groups. Rotary system was the fastest one, as compared with reciprocal (second) and Vertical (last). It may be concluded that rotary system has a superiority over the other two groups in conventional root canal therapies.

The present study aims to propose a robust method to detect the damage severity and location of the structural elements, focusing on the data type and acquisition method and promoting the model updating tools. The novelty of this method lies in its rotational mode shape acquisition that provides valuable information on the damage. In this method, the damaged elements were indirectly identified by detecting the healthy elements and eliminating them from the search space. Moreover, this method could minimize the modal strain energy difference between the damaged reference model and the numerical model using an optimization algorithm. An improved genetic algorithm was then employed to perform the optimization task. In this study, four numerical and two experimental damage scenarios were applied to a simply supported beam to examine the performance of the proposed method. Data acquisition systems were implemented using vision-based and accelerometer-based methods. The results indicated that this method could accurately identify the location and severity of damage using only the first mode shape since the rotational mode shapes were more sensitive to damage than the Vertical mode shapes.